On this day in 1977, the Space Shuttle Enterprise makes its maiden flight atop a modified Boeing 747. Did you know that NASA built an orbiter that never went into space? The Space Shuttle Enterprise has been called “one of NASA’s most elaborate and expensive playthings”—yet the Space Shuttle Program would never have taken off without it.
No pun intended, of course.
Enterprise got its name because a bunch of Trekkies lobbied for it. Literally! The Space Shuttle was supposed to be named “Constitution” in honor of the nation’s bicentennial—also “Constitution” was the name of one of the U.S. Navy’s very first frigates, and each Space Shuttle would eventually be named after a seafaring vessel. Nevertheless, Americans wrote 100,000 letters petitioning for a name change, and President Gerald Ford complied.
Members of the Star Trek cast would even attend the shuttle’s rollout ceremony.
Hmm. How many of those attendees realized that the name actually has much deeper roots than a mere television show? The original Enterprise was a British warship captured by Benedict Arnold during the American Revolution. This was back in the days when Arnold was a fiery Patriot, not a traitor. Arnold’s Enterprise began a long tradition of American naval ships named Enterprise—and now the tradition would carry over to a Space Shuttle, too.
Enterprise was a full-scale prototype of a Space Shuttle in many ways, but it was missing elements that would have been needed for a real journey into space: Enterprise never had engines, and it never had a heat shield. NASA thought it would retrofit Enterprise with these items someday, but the project never became financially feasible. Other orbiters such as Challenger and Endeavour were built instead.
Over the course of nine months, Enterprise would be used to test various aspects of the Space Shuttle in flight. During the first flights, Enterprise was strapped to the top of a 747, allowing such factors as wind resistance and maneuverability to be tested. Next, Enterprise was tested with a crew aboard. Finally, in August 1977, Enterprise was released from the top of the 747. It flew freely, enabling NASA to test the unpowered, glider-like landing that was planned for all Space Shuttle missions.
The Space Shuttles would have some engines, but they wouldn’t have the big heavy ones that would have been required for a normal powered landing.
The tests performed by Enterprise would prove invaluable. It was NASA at its best! Yes, making mistakes sometimes, but also persevering, learning, and ultimately triumphing with the launch of the Space Shuttle Columbia on April 12, 1981.
In 1985, Enterprise was retired and put on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Later, it was moved to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum where it can still be seen today—an orbiter that was never used in space, but that still serves as a healthy reflection of the pioneering spirit that has always made America great!
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Primary Sources:
Casey Johnston, A Closer Look at the Space Shuttle that Never Got to Space (Ars Technica; Sept. 14, 2014)
David J. Shayler & Colin Burgess, The Last of NASA’s Original Pilot Astronauts: Expanding the Space Frontier in the Late Sixties (2017)
Enterprise (OV-101) (Kennedy Space Center website)
Lynn M. Homan & Thomas Reilly, Historic Journeys into Space (2000)
Space Shuttle: Space Shuttle Launch and Landing (NASA website)
Space Shuttle as a Glider (NASA website)
T. A. Heppenheimer, Smithsonian Institution, History of the Space Shuttle, Volume Two: Development of the Space Shuttle, 1972-1981 (2014)
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